What do all four steps of the IPDE Process require?

The correct answer highlights the importance of active mental participation in each step of the IPDE Process, which stands for Identify, Predict, Decide, and Execute. This process is fundamental to defensive driving and aims to improve the driver's ability to assess and respond to road situations effectively.

At the identification stage, drivers must be continually scanning their environment for potential hazards. In the prediction phase, they assess what might happen based on those hazards and the behavior of other road users. The decision-making step involves choosing the best course of action based on their observations and predictions. Finally, the execution phase relates to carrying out that decision. Each of these steps requires a driver to engage mentally, not just physically, ensuring they can react appropriately to varying road conditions and potential dangers.

While technical driving skills and cooperation with other drivers can contribute to successful driving, they do not encompass the cognitive requirements of the IPDE Process as centrally as active mental participation does. Also, physical exertion is not a necessary component of the mental cognitive process that the IPDE framework promotes; it's more about how drivers think and process information on the road.